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Wiley has partnerships with many of the world’s leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research professional development and education. We illustrate the importance of using these latent class modelling approaches through the analysis of the teen driving behaviour. Estimation is performed by using the expectation–maximization algorithm and Monte Carlo expectation–maximization. Additionally, we discuss an alternative hidden Markov model formulation. The second approach extends the first model to the ordinal case where the latent state is composed of K ordinal classes.

A random-effects model introduces heterogeneity among subjects in modelling the mean value of the latent state.

The first approach models the binary longitudinal crash or near-crash outcome by using a binary latent variable which depends on risky driving covariates and previous outcomes. In this work, we propose two latent class models for relating risky driving behaviour to the occurrence of a crash or near-crash event. Of scientific interest is relating the two processes and developing a predictor of crashes from previous risky driving behaviour. In a unique longitudinal study of teen driving, risky driving behaviour and the occurrence of crashes or near crashes are measured prospectively over the first 18 months of licensure.

Crash time 4 ordinal not found